What is Telecommunication

Telecommunication is the assisted transmission over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags or heliograph. In modern times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic devices such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. Early inventors in the field of telecommunication include Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi and John Logie Baird. Telecommunication is an important part of the world economy and the telecommunication industry's revenue was estimated to be $1.2 trillion in 2006.

History of Telecommunication

The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, the Americas and parts of Asia. In the 1790s the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe however it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear. This article details the history of telecommunication and the individuals who helped make telecommunication systems what they are today. History of telecommunication is an important part of the larger history of communication.

Telecommunications Act of 1996

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is the first major overhaul of telecommunications law in almost 62 years. The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business -- to let any communications business compete in any market against any other.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 has the potential to change the way we work, live and learn. It will affect telephone service -- local and long distance, cable programming and other video services, broadcast services and services provided to schools.
The Federal Communications Commission has a tremendous role to play in creating fair rules for this new era of competition. At this Internet site, we will provide information about the FCC's role in implementing this new law, how you can get involved and how these changes might impact you.
This page will include information listing the proceedings the FCC will complete to open up local phone markets, increase competition in long distance and other steps. You will find copies of news releases summarizing action, announcements of meetings where these items will be discussed, and charts describing the work ahead of us and where (within the FCC) and when it will be completed. Please note: some of the links on this page lead to resources outside the FCC. The presence of these links should not be taken as an endorsement by the FCC of these sites or their content.
For more information about the referenced documents, contact the person listed on the document.
Please let us know what topics most interest you or where you have questions about this new law. We will soon begin to post a series of Questions & Answers with Commission officials designed to answer your questions.
Text of the Act
The FCC maintains ASCII Text and Adobe Acrobat versions (128 pages) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as well as WordPerfect and Adobe Acrobat versions (335 pages) of the completely updated Communications Act of 1934, as amended by the 1996 Act. The official citation for the new Act is: Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. LA. No. 104-104, 110 Stat. 56 (1996). The official printed slip law is available from the Government Printing Office.

Telecommunications today

telecommunications includes cable, interactive media, voice, data, and video transmission. The report explains how these telecommunications technologies work, what business needs they address, how they are being implemented, and the costs of implementation. Vendor offerings of key products are also covered.
Telecommunications: A Dynamic Industry
The telecommunications industry is changing at a rapid pace. New technologies which promise to make a significant impact on existing computer systems, operations, and procedures are emerging every day.
CTR's Telecommunications: Today's Ten Most Critical Telecommunications Technologies with a Focus on the Internet report provides a detailed evaluation of 10 telecommunication technologies that are considered the most critical in today's business world.
This new report from CTR is a comprehensive guide to the confusing array of products available. The 10 technologies highlighted in the report will truly change the face of telecommunications.
The report answers vital questions concerning each technology, including the following: What are the most popular applications for the technology? How does the technology work? What are the capabilities and limitations of the technology? Who are the equipment vendors associated with the technology? What is the future outlook of the technology?
This CTR report includes an in-depth discussion of the following telecommunications technologies:
1. Cell-based Telephony
Cell-based telephony involves the integration of voice and fax with data to enable multimedia applications over high-speed, statistically multiplexed wide area networks (WANs). The report explains other related technologies such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), variable bit rate (VBR) technology, and voice over frame relay (FR). The report also discusses how cell-based telephony can benefit Internet and intranet users.
2. Virtual LANs
Virtual local area networks (VLANs) allow for flexibility of design and easy modification of traditional LANs, while operating independently of the underlying physical wiring. The report discusses practical business uses of VLANs, explains the International Standards Organization (ISO) reference model, and examines the pros and cons of this technology.
3. Gigabit LANs
High-speed gigabit LANs involve the use of Gigabit Ethernet and 1G-AnyLAN standards over coax and twisted-pair media. The report discusses the possible Gigabit LAN variations and the standards associated with this technology.
4. Automated Network Management
Automated network management incorporates intelligent agents and application integration with a focus on the entire network. The report examines three approaches to automated network management, as well as the technology standards, challenges, and business markets associated with this technology.
5. The Virtual Private Intranet
A virtual private intranet is an internal wide area, Web-based network that uses browsers for posting and updating information and expediting business operations. The report defines the three stages of intranet development, compares virtual private intranets with the Internet, and explains why this technology is growing so rapidly.
6. Java Programming Language
Java is an operating system-independent software language that is used for developing Web pages. The report examines the marketing strategies Sun Microsystems has used to promote this software and discusses the third-party developers of Java. Also included is valuable information concerning network security and how to achieve simple interoperability with Java.
7. Network Appliances
Internet network appliances are hardware devices that make Internet access easier and more affordable. These appliances include devices that convert television sets to Web browsers and smart phones into devices that can send and receive e-mail. The report discusses the strong market potential of Internet network appliances and examines the development efforts of IBM, Microsoft, Netscape, Oracle, and Sun Microsystems.
8. Cable Modems
Cable modems allow high-speed access to the Internet via cable TV coaxial wiring, asymmetrical digital subscriber lines (ADSLs) over twisted-pair copper, and direct broadcast satellite dishes. The report examines the advantages of cable modems, as well as the limitations of the infrastructure. Also included is a discussion of cable modem architecture, specifications, and standards.
9. Personal Satellite Phones
Personal satellite phones are laptop-sized base units that provide phone service to areas where cellular service is not available. The report discusses the latest technological advances in satellite phones and how these advances are breaking the price and size barriers.
10. Data Mining
Data mining finds and predicts associations based on data residing in existing databases. The report discusses the valuable functions of data mining, necessary data mining tools, and the reasons this new technology has been so successful.

Telecommunications in General

Telecommunications is a general term for a vast array of technologies that send information over distances. Mobile phones, land lines, satellite phones and voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) are all telephony technologies -- just one field of telecommunications. Radio, television and networks are a few more examples of telecommunication.
While most people associate telecommunications with modern technologies, the strict definition of the term encompasses primitive and even ancient forms of telecommunication. Among these is the use of smoke signals as a kind of visual telegraph. Puffs of smoke were time-released by smothering a fire with a blanket, then quickly removing and replacing the blanket. Widely used by the American Indians, smoke signals could communicate short messages over long distances, assuming a clear line of sight.
Other forms of early telecommunications include relay fires or beacons. Used foremostly in warfare, relay fires required a handful of men posted along a range of hilltops, with the last man closest to the area where troop movement was expected. When armies were spotted in the distance, he would light a bonfire. The fire could be seen from a good distance away by the next man in the relay, who would in turn light his own bonfire, and so the fires were lit in succession along the range, creating an effective telecommunications signal that traveled back over several miles in a relatively short period of time. Finally, the last man in the relay would light a beacon to signal his army below that the opponent was en-route.
The arrangement of a ship's flags and semaphores were other forms of telecommunications. A semaphore was a mechanical device atop a tower with paddle-like blades or flags. The device would be set in a specific position to communicate information.
Throughout the 19th century, telecommunications devices became more sophisticated with the advent of electricity, leading to the telegraph, Morse code, and signal lamps. A signal lamp, the optical version of the telegraph, is a powerful lamp with shutters that block the light in long or short durations to translate to the dots and dashes of Morse code. A heliograph is another optical telegraph -- a mirror used to reflect light to mimic a signal lamp.
In the 20th century, telecommunications reached beyond our planet. In June 1969, the world watched and listened as astronauts walked on the moon. Twenty years later, in August 1989, we would see pictures of Neptune arrive back from the Voyager 2 spacecraft, riding radio waves that traveled over roughly three billion miles (4.8 billion km) to reach us in a matter of a few hours.
Strides in telecommunications have changed the world immeasurably. While pockets of humankind were once isolated from each other, people now have multiple ways to see and hear what is occurring on the other side of the world in real time. Satellite technology, television, the Internet and telephony keep the globe connected in a humming buzz of interactive voices and pictures. In short, telecommunications has come a long way from smoke signals

Infrared technology

Infrared technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-range wireless signals. With infrared, computers can transfer files and other digital data bidirectionally. The infrared transmission technology used in computers is similar to that used in consumer product remote control units.
Installation and Usage - Computer infrared network adapters both transmit and receive data through ports on the rear or side of a device. Infrared adapters are installed in many laptops and handheld personal devices. In Microsoft Windows, infrared connections can be created through the same method as other local area network

Environment for Bluetooth Equipped Mobile

Keywords
Bluetooth, Behavior-based, Mobile robots, Modelling and Simulation
Abstract
The Bluetooth radio system is an ideal communications tool for lightweight autonomous mobile robots but lit tle research interest has been targeted at this application. We present in this paper an environment which allows behavior-based autonomous mobile robotic simulation to take advantage of synthetic Bluetooth communications. Two components comprise our system. A highly adapt able mobile robot simulation arena providing an extensi ble behavior-based control architecture and secondly our Bluetooth modelling framework providing accurate Blue tooth device interaction. This paper describes the design and integration of these two systems to form a complete environment and any additional components which are re quired. In particular we examine the communications soft ware stack, provided to each robot in the simulator. From a programmatic perspective we highlight the interface that this communications stack presents to each robot in order to create discrete reactive behaviors for the control archi tecture. Finally a description of a successful experiment using this simulator is also presented.

Bluetooth Communication

Short-Range Mobile SolutionBluetooth is a specification for a small form-factor, low-cost, short-range radio solution for providing links between mobile computers, mobile phones, and other portable and hand-held devices, and for providing connectivity to the internet. It is based on a radio link that provides fast and reliable transmission of both voice and data. It can carry up to three high-quality voice channels simultaneously at speeds to 1 Mbit/sec, even in noisy environments. Like USB, the specification incorporates both rules for implementing the interface and rules for designing compatible peripherals for the network.
ConnectivityBluetooth allows users to connect to a wide range of devices at one time without cables, and potentially without actively initiating the connection. For example, your PDA could automatically update a copy of your schedule stored on a desktop PC the minute you walked into your office. This connectivity is enabled by a tiny microchip incorporating a radio transceiver that is built into Bluetooth devices. This radio transceiver provides the advantage of being effective through obstacles. Thus, you could ostensibly use a Bluetooth connection to send data from a computer in one room to a printer in the next--right through the wall.
One concern when using such a system is privacy. As Bluetooth operates in the globally available 2.4 GHz frequency, it is conceivable that an unintended recipient could intercept a signal. To combat this, all Bluetooth devices are keyed for their own networks. The transmissions use a sophisticated encoding specification that not only guards against interference, it also ensures that only devices specifically programmed to receive a broadcast will be able to decode it.
Bluetooth uses a flexible, multiple piconet structure for communication. It supports both point-to-point and multipoint connections for full-duplex networks. Currently up to seven slave devices can be configured to use a master radio in one device. Several of the piconets can be established and linked in scatternets to allow flexibility among configurations. Devices in the same piconet have priority synchronizations, but other devices can enter the network at any time. In a full-duplex network, a multiple piconet structure with 10 fully loaded, independent piconets, can maintain aggregate data transfer speeds of up to 6 Mbps.

DIGITAL SHIP MAGAZINE

Digital Ship magazine provides the latest information about maritime satellite communications technology, software systems, navigation technology, computer networks, data management and TMSA. It is published ten times a year. To subscribe, please contact our subscriptions manager Stephan Venter in London on venter@thedigitalship.com, Tel (+44 207) 510 0015, who will arrange an invoice for payment.
Companies which have taken out paid subscriptions to Digital Ship include Leif Høegh & Co. ASA, Graig Shipping Plc, Maersk Tankers, Wallem Shipping Ltd., Maersk Espana SA, Clipper Group-Clipper Denmark AS, Avin International SA, Hempel's Marine Paints A/S, Heidenreich Marine, OBC Shipping Limited, Wallem Limited, Shell International Ltd, Overseas Private Investment Corp, Mediterranean Shipping Co., Barber Marine Consultants AS, Cal Maritime, Chellaram Shipping (Hong Kong) Ltd, Odfjell ASA, AP Moller Maersk Sealand, Aegis Marine Inc., Naval Material Command Denmark, Inchcape Shipping Services, Ashland Specialty Chemical, World-Wide Shipping, Delmarva Marine, Lugenbuhl, Wheaton, Peck, Rankin & Hubbard, Aries Shipbroking (Asia) P/L, Naval Material Command Denmark, HanseNautic GmbH, Fidelio Cruise Software GmbH, Maritime Safety Queensland, Thome Ship Management,
Elcome International LLC, Chevron Texaco Shipping Company, Durrants Ltd, Eletson Corp, TSM Shipping (Phils) Inc, U.S Merchant Marine Academy, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd, Safety & Environment, Amver United Coast Guard, US Merchant Marine Academy, Marine Exchange of Puget Sound, Boeing, Det Norske Veritas AS, Fuel & Marine Marketing, Gemeenteluk Havenbedryf Antwerpen, Seacrest Shipping Co. Ltd, SUNY Maritime College, Royal Arctic Line A/S, Washington State Ferries, Marine Exchange of Alaska, Bams Maritime SRL, Dimars Co Ltd., Sigma Marine & Protective Coatings Netherlands BV, AGIP PETROLI CONMAR, Transpetro - Petrobras Transporte S/A, Teo Shipping Corporation, Franman Ltd, Meridian Surveys Sdn Bhd, Westland/Utrecht Hypotheekbank N.V, World Maritime University, Suomalainen Kirjakauppa, Thenmaris (Ship Management) Inc., UK Maritime and Coastal Agency, Ports of Ukraine Publications, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Wallem Services Ltd, World-Wide Shipping, Norbulk Shipping UK, Bolero Association, Navarik Corp, NYK Shipmanagement Pte Ltd, Johnson Bros. Corp., Golar Management Limited
Should you be thinking about moving to electronic chart systems What are the current options in broadband maritime communications? How much do you need to spend on IT and satellite communications?
What is the best systems for running your corporate intranet? How can technology do the most to improve ship safety - how can you use technology to demonstrate that your shipping company is following best practise, as defined by oil companies and shipowners?
The answers to these questions are changing all the time and involve large amounts of personal preference - but Digital Ship will provide you with the information you need to make the right decision.
Our print magazine is supported by our annual series of events in Oslo, Athens, Cyprus and Hong Kong, where we gather shipping company IT, safety, purchasing and electrotechnical managers to talk about their own experiences, views and desires, and you will find detailed reports of these events in Digital Ship.
We also attend the big maritime trade shows, Posidonia, Norshipping, SMM and Europort, to gather detailed information about the latest technology and innovation and you will find this written in detail in Digital Ship.
CONTENTS IN MORE DEPTH
SECURITY - Practical application of the ISPS code, training and monitoring the ISPS code, seafarer ID cards, reducing shipboard piracy, container shipping security, port security, Smart and Secure Tradelanes, container security initatives
SAFETY / ELECTRONICS - electronic charts, bridge systems and equipment, automatic identification systems, shipboard alert systems, ALSO changing role of class societies, regulation / policy
SATCOMS - Inmarsat Fleet, shipboard information services, ship tracking, ship-shore communications by e-mail, data and voice, Iridium, sending weather, chart updates, training materials to ship, sending ship operations information back to shore
SOFTWARE - shipboard e-mail software, maintenance management, computer based training, simulators, web services, shipping company software, communications with brokers, charterers and agents, shipping agent systems
We produce: 10 issues a year of DIGITAL SHIP print magazine with in-depth analysis A lively international events program A weekly e-mail newsletter Consultancy reports

Navy Ship-Shore Communications Circuits

SHIP-SHORE CIRCUITS
As we mentioned earlier, the fleet broadcast is the primary means for delivering messages to afloat commands. This section discusses a few of the other types of circuits by which a ship can transmit its message traffic ashore or to other ships for delivery or relay.
SHIP-SHORE CIRCUIT MODES OF OPERATION
There are three methods of operating communications circuits: duplex, simplex, and semi-duplex.The mode of operation at any given time depends upon equipment and frequency availability.Duplex Duplex describes a communications circuit designed to transmit and receive simultaneously. In such operations, each station transmits on a different frequency and both stations transmit concurrently. Both stations are required to keep transmitters on the air at all times and to send a phasing signal at the request of the distant end.Figure 1-11 shows a diagram of a UHF/HF full-duplex FSK (frequency-shift keying) single-channel teleprinter relay circuit. There are two types of duplex operation: full duplex and half duplex. Full duplex (FDX) refers to a communications system or equipment capable of transmitting simultaneously in two directions. Half duplex (HDX) pertains to a transmission over a circuit capable of transmitting in either direction, but only one direction at a time. Small ships traveling in company normally use duplex in a task group common net in which they terminate with a larger ship that is serving as net control. The net control ship provides the ship-shore relay services. Ships traveling independently can use this system for anon-call ship-shore termination to transmit their outgoing messages.
Figure 1-11.-UHF/HF full-duplex FSK single-channel teleprinter relay circuit.Simplex Simplex is a method of operation that provides a single channel or frequency on which information can be exchanged (figure 1-12). Simplex communications operation is normally reserved for UHF and those ships that do not have sufficient equipment for duplex operation. In some cases, a simplex circuit can be established when equipment casualties occur. Where no HF simplex frequency is indicated or guarded, ships requiring a simplex ship-shore circuit must call on a duplex ship send frequency. The ship must state "SIMPLEX" in the call-up, indicating that the ship cannot transmit and receive simultaneously When a ship requests simplex operation on duplex circuits, the shore station may be required to shift transmitters prior to acknowledging call-up. If no reply is received within 45 seconds, the ship should repeat the call-up procedures. If a third attempt is required, the ship should check equipment to ensure proper operation.
Figure 1-12.-UHF/HF netted simplex FSK teleprinter relay circuitNote - "Other Statistics" should be "Other Stations"Semi-duplex Semi-duplex communications circuits, used primarily on task force/task group/ORESTES, are a combination of the simplex and duplex modes. All stations except the net control station (NECOS) transmit and receive on the same frequency. The NECOS transmits and is received on a second frequency. The NECOS may transmit continuously, whereas all other stations must transmit in accordance with simplex procedures.UHF/HF RELAY The UHF/HF relay method permits long-range, uninterrupted communications during periods of hazardous electromagnetic radiation (HERO). Figure 1-13 shows a block diagram of a UHF/HF voice relay circuit. Modern radio and radar transmitting equipments produce high-intensity RF fields. It is possible for RF energy to enter an ordnance item through a hole or crack in its skin or to be conducted into it by firing leads, wires, and the like. Here is an example of HERO. An aircraft carrier is arming aircraft on board. During arming operations, all HF transmitters must be secured to prevent possible detonation of the ordnance. To maintain its ship-shore communications, the carrier transmits to a relay ship via a UHF circuit. The relaying ship then retransmits the signal on a HF circuit to a terminated NAVCOMTELSTA. On-line radioteleprinters can be relayed, as well as voice, using this circuit.
Figure 1-13.-UHF/HF voice relay circuit.SECURE VOICE WORLDWIDE VOICE NETWORK The secure voice network is designed to provide real-time voice communications between forces afloat and operational commanders ashore, using either HF or satellite connectivity. This system is commonly referred to as GPS Worldwide HICOMM.System Control This system consists of three separate networks. Each network has an area control station controlled by a FLTCINC; either CINCLANTFLT, CINCPACFLT, or CINCUSNAVEUR. Each area has subarea control stations determined by each FLTCINC to ensure worldwide coverage.Satellite System ControlThe secure voice system, using satellite transmissions, has limited shore access points at the four COMMAREA master stations and NAVCOMTELSTA Stockton, California. These sites serve as the interface channel to both the wideband and narrowband voice systems in order to extend calls to operational commanders ashore.Net MembershipIf a ship, aircraft, or shore station needs to enter the secure voice network, it must be prepared to do so with minimum time delay.Units desiring to enter the net on a temporary basis must specify the length of time and purpose for entering the net. They must also obtain permission from the appropriate control station. The area net control station (NECOS) is responsible for completing all calls originating from senior commands to all commands, ships, or aircraft within the specific FLTCINC's net. Certain rules must be observed when on the secure voice net, as follows: HF transmitter tuning is prohibited on secure voice.Transmitters must be calibrated and pretuned on a dummy load. Final tuning may be accomplished during live transmissions. All stations must maintain a continuous log on secure voice. The actual time of significant transmissions must be entered into the log. When available, recording devices must be used in lieu of a paper log. The net operates as a free net unless otherwise directed by the area FLTCINC. NECOS retains the prerogative of exercising control over all transmissions to ensure proper circuit discipline.
FULL-PERIOD TERMINATIONS Full-period terminations are dedicated circuits that provide communications between shore stations and afloat commands. These terminations require allocation of limited NCTAMS/NCTS assets. Therefore, the criteria for requesting, approving, and establishing such circuits is necessarily strict.Termination Requests Afloat commands and individual units can request full-period termination during special operations, deployments, intensive training periods, or exercises when primary ship-shore circuits will not suffice. Commands should request full-period terminations only when traffic volume exceeds speed and capability of ship-shore circuits and when operational sensitivity requires circuit discreetness or effective command and control necessitates dedicated circuits. The heavy demands placed upon NCTAMS/NCTSs for full-period terminations require maximum cooperation between shore stations and afloat commanders prior to and during an operation. Ships having a need for a full-period termination, either for training or operational requirements, must submit a termination request to the COMMAREA master station at least 48 hours prior to activation time. Emergency commitments or a command directive may necessitate a lead time of less than 48 hours. Whenever possible, however, the 2-day limit must be honored to achieve maximum preparation and coordination. NTP 4 gives details of required information that must be included in a termination request message. The COMMAREA master station will assign a shore station for a ship's termination circuit. Once the shore station has been assigned, both the ship and the station may begin coordination to identify specific equipment keylists and frequencies needed to effect termination. The shore station will also act as NECOS. Two hours prior to the scheduled termination, the shore station can coordinate with the ship by telephone, local circuitry, or by primary ship-shore. When the ship shifts terminations, the securing of the current termination and the establishment of a new termination should coincide with a broadcast shift whenever possible. The ship must submit a COMMSHIFT message.Termination Types There are six types of full-period terminations, as follows:Single-channel radioteleprinter using either radio path or landline transmission media;Single-channel low-data-rate satellite access using satellite transmission media;CUDIXS special satellite access for NAVMACS-equipped ships using satellite transmission media;Multichannel radioteleprinter using either radio path or landline transmission media;Multichannel radioteleprinter using SHF satellite transmission media;and Tactical intelligence (TACINTEL) access for TACINTEL-equipped ships using satellite transmission media.Equipment TestsTo ensure that circuit equipment is in peak operational condition, complete system back-to-back off-the-air tests must be completed 24 hours prior to termination activations. Check cryptoequipment back- to-back after daily crypto changes and prior to putting circuits into service. An aggressive PMS and quality monitoring program is essential. When checking equipment, look for power levels, scorch or burn marks, proper operation of interlocks, and cleanliness. When cleaning and inspecting antennas, look for cracks, chips, or blistering of insulators. Also check for deterioration, loose connectors, and correct insulator resistance.COMMSPOT Reports COMMSPOT reports will be submitted by all ships, including nonterminated units, any time unusual communication difficulties are encountered. Ships will submit the COMMSPOT to the terminating communications station. Timely submission of COMMSPOT reports is necessary to minimize further deterioration of the situation. Rules and general instructions for preparing JINTACCS formatted COMMSPOT reports are found in the Joint Reporting System (General Purpose Reports), NWP 1-03, Supp-1 (formerly NWP 10-1-13).
PRIMARY SHIP-SHORE CIRCUITS Primary ship-shore (PRI S/S) circuits are encrypted FSK/PSK teleprinter nets that permit ships to transmit messages for delivery ashore. This service is available to units that do not maintain a full-period ship-shore termination. Navy tactical UHF satellites or the HF/UHF spectrum may be used to conduct ship-shore circuit operations. Ships may use this circuit for coordinating and establishing a full-period termination with the shore station. The frequencies for NCTAMS and NAVCOMTELSTAS that guard primary fleet ship- shore circuits are listed in applicable CIBs distributed by the COMMAREA master stations. These frequencies are subject to change by the cognizant FLTCINC or by the NCTAMS.
OVER-THE-AIR TRANSFER (OTAT) AND OVER-THE-AIR REKEY (OTAR) There are significant vulnerabilities associated with the handling of paper cryptographic material. Sound application of over-the-air transfer/rekey (OTAT/OTAR) procedures and techniques can reduce the amount of paper keying material required and reduce the potential for compromise. These procedures and techniques are contained in the NAG-16B Procedures Manual for Over-the-Air Transfer (OTAT) and Over-the-Air Rekey (OTAR). OTAT/OTAR also makes the transfer of keying material more responsive to rapidly changing operational requirements. The use of NAG-16B was developed and verified by extensive use during operation Desert Shield/Storm. The specified procedures served as an effective vehicle for transferring keying to satisfy rapidly changing joint and Navy requirements. Expanded definitions, general procedures, and equipments are found in NAG-16B.

Ship-Shore Communications

Recent developments in Ship-Shore Communications is a new 45,000 word report on the latest technologies and market trends in the ship-shore communications business. It compares the different options for data communication, including telex, e-mail, fax and point to point data transfer and shows you how to maximise cost-effectiveness. The report looks at the value added services available from Land Earth Station Operators and data messaging companies, as well as the software and hardware available and explains what they can do for your business.
Ship-shore communication technology is developing rapidly. With new systems for message compression, batching, conversion, distribution and transmission coming online, it can be difficult to find out which system will be the most cost effective. Recent developments in Ship-Shore Communications compares these new technologies and provides an analysis of the pros and cons. Inmarsat's position as the market leader for ship-shore communications is now threatened, with many new players, including Globe Wireless, ICO, Orbcomm and VSAT systems taking market share. The report examines the market for communications providers and the services they offer. The impact of the internet on the market is discussed too. The report reviews and evluates the possible effects of initiatives including SOFIA (Standard Off-Line Internet Applications), IPDS (Inmarsat Packet Data Service) and WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) on bringing internet-type services to ships. "A must-read report for anyone specifying, purchasing or providing ship-shore communication systems..."

Navy radio communication for submerged submarines

The Navy has developed systems using floating radio antennas and buoys that will provide submerged submarines with two-way communications for the first time in history, a top official at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center said at a news briefing on Tuesday.
Until now, submarines had to be at periscope depth with masts above the water to handle two-way radio communications. While submerged they could receive but not send radio messages over low-frequency networks.
SPAWAR's Communications Speed and Depth program will use floating antennas to provide two-way communications to submerged submarines over high-frequency radio systems adapted to handle Internet protocol traffic as well as floating buoys to communicate with military and commercial satellites, said Capt. Dean Richter, program executive officer for the Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence's submarine integration program.
Richter said the Navy completed an operational test of the High Frequency Internet protocol system in December 2007, allowing the USS Montpelier attack submarine to exchange two-way message traffic with eight ships in the USS Harry S. Truman carrier strike group at a date rate of 9.6Kps.
Even at roughly one-fifth the speed of a standard 56Kps dial-up modem, the system allowed the submarine to be fully integrated into strike group operations and Navy networks to share situational awareness, plan collaboratively and execute missions with joint forces, Richter said.
SPAWAR also has developed floating buoys that connect to submerged submarines by fiber-optic cables to provide two-way satellite communications, he said. The buoys can exchange data with the commercial Iridium satellite system at a rate of 2.4Kpb and with military ultra-high frequency satellite systems at 32Kpbs, soon to be boosted to 64Kpbs, according to Richter.
The system, to be installed on surface ships and submarines as part of the Navy's Automated Digital Network System, operates at or near line-of-sight distances, Richter said, using modems from Harris Corp. and routers from Cisco Systems Inc.
The Navy plans to install the High Frequency Internet protocol and buoy systems on attack and guided missile submarines. Ballistic missile submarines will be equipped with buoy systems, and all 73 boats in the fleet will get two-way communications in one form or the other, Richter said. The program is fully funded with installations to continue through 2015, he said.
SPAWAR also has Sea Deep, a project to equip manned and unmanned aircraft with lasers to penetrate the ocean depths and beam high bandwidth information to submerged submarines. Sea Deep can transmit data at 1Mpbs, Richter said, and he views it as the holy grail of submerged submarine communications. SPAWAR plans to demonstrate Sea Deep in an exercise later this year, he said, but added that the program is not funded.

RECEPTION OF SUBMARINE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Signals directed to atomic submarines in immersion. USA and Russia transmit in the ELF band generating a slow binary code. Frequencies are 76 Hz for the U.S. system and 82 Hz in the Russian system; the E.R.P. (Effective Radiated Power) is small, probably a few Watts, but signals are receivable around the world. This special kind of reception requires low-pass filters to avoid overloading the input with spherics. All spectrograms in this section are received with the Marconi T antenna and horizontal loop (2100 sq.m). See details in STATIONS, ITU LICENCES AND SERVICES BELOW 22 kHz section, at "76 Hz".
160999-2022 Vertical electric field and horizontal electric field. In vertical polarization the Schumann resonances are visible. At the same time the horizontal field shows the unidentified signals at 26 and 74 Hz (see "below 150 Hz" section) and a weak 76 Hz tone from military U.S. system (I presume). Observe that different polarizations give completely different signals. Selected areas in the highest part of right spectrogram are analyzed in next image.
160999-2022 This picture has been generated testing CoolEdit '96 by Syntrillium Software. Shareware version is available at http://www.syntrillium.com/ . This program don't produce real time FFT, but processes wave files to make measures, spectrograms and sonograms. Violet line shows vertical electric field and light blue line refers to horizontal electric field. Schumann resonance at 7 - 14 - 21 Hz may be seen in the vertical field trace, the submarine tone at 76 Hz in horizontal field. The same is 10dB under background noise in vertical. The signal at 85 Hz comes from PC monitor.
121099-1250
Horizontal field, received with horizontal loop. In the high part of spectrum, weak but clear, an 82 Hz tone in binary code appears briefly. It is probably of Russian origin. Any information on this signal (location, power, kind of modulation...) is wellcome!
Thanks to Väinö Lehtoranta, OH2LX, Finland. He wrote an article about ELF on SHRS magazine (in finnish language). This is his contribute, about submarine heart stations. These pictures are very interesting.

This picture show the scheme of transmission in ELF band: transmitter station, propagation signal and receiving tecniques in submarine in immersion.
Click here or on the picture to see full image.

This picture, clear only in full size, show the complete communication system used in a submarine. VLF and ELF band are only a little part of totally communications directed from and to the submarines. Ground bases, aerial station and satellites are all involved.
Click here or on the picture to see full image.

This picture report a typical installation of ELF submarine ground site, between Michigan and Wisconsin. The two installation are 148 miles (238 km) far. Radio signals are generated from the heart current between the two sites.
Click here or on the picture to see full image.
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Submarine cable across the Pacific

This was completed in 1902–03, linking the US mainland to Hawaii in 1902 and Guam to the Philippines in 1903.[5] Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Fiji were also linked in 1902.[6]
The North Pacific Cable system was the first regenerative (repeatered) system to completely cross the Pacific from the US mainland to Japan. The US portion of NPC was manufactured in Portland, Oregon, from 1989–1991 at STC Submarine Systems, and later Alcatel Submarine Networks. (The plant was shut down in 2001.) The system was laid by Cable & Wireless Marine on the CS Cable Venture in 1991.

[edit] Construction
Transatlantic cables of the 19th century consisted of an outer layer of iron and later steel wire, wrapping India rubber, wrapping gutta-percha, which surrounded a multi-stranded copper wire at the core. The portions closest to each shore landing had additional protective armor wires. Gutta-percha, a natural polymer similar to rubber, had nearly ideal properties for insulating submarine cables, with the exception of a rather high dielectric constant which made cable capacitance high. Gutta-percha was not replaced as a cable insulation until polyethylene was introduced in the 1930s. In the 1920s, the American military experimented with rubber-insulated cables as an alternative to gutta-percha, since American interests controlled significant supplies of rubber but no gutta-percha manufacturers.

[edit] Bandwidth problems
Early long-distance submarine telegraph cables exhibited formidable electrical problems. Unlike modern cables, the technology of the 19th century did not allow for in-line repeater amplifiers in the cable. Large voltages were used to attempt to overcome the electrical resistance of their tremendous length but the cables' distributed capacitance and inductance combined to distort the telegraph pulses in the line, severely limiting the data rate for telegraph operation. Thus, the cables had very limited bandwidth.
As early as 1823, Francis Ronalds had observed that electric signals were retarded in passing through an insulated wire or core laid underground, and the same effect was noticeable on cores immersed in water, and particularly on the lengthy cable between England and The Hague. Michael Faraday showed that the effect was caused by capacitance between the wire and the earth (or water) surrounding it. Faraday had noted that when a wire is charged from a battery (for example when pressing a telegraph key), the electric charge in the wire induces an opposite charge in the water as it travels along. As the two charges attract each other, the exciting charge is retarded. The core acts as a capacitor distributed along the length of the cable which, coupled with the resistance and inductance of the cable limits the speed at which a signal travels through the conductor of the cable.
Early cable designs failed to analyze these effects correctly. Famously, E.O.W. Whitehouse had dismissed the problems and insisted that a transatlantic cable was feasible. When he subsequently became electrician of the Atlantic Telegraph Company he became involved in a public dispute with William Thomson. Whitehouse believed that, with enough voltage, any cable could be driven. Because of the excessive voltages recommended by Whitehouse, Cyrus West Field's first transatlantic cable never worked reliably, and eventually short circuited to the ocean when Whitehouse increased the voltage beyond the cable design limit.
Thomson designed a complex electric-field generator that minimized current by resonating the cable, and a sensitive light-beam mirror galvanometer for detecting the faint telegraph signals. Thomson became wealthy on the royalties of these, and several related inventions. Thomson was elevated to Lord Kelvin for his contributions in this area, chiefly an accurate mathematical model of the cable, which permitted design of the equipment for accurate telegraphy. The effects of atmospheric electricity and the geomagnetic field on submarine cables also motivated many of the early polar expeditions.
Thomson had produced a mathematical analysis of propagation of electrical signals into telegraph cables based on their capacitance and resistance, but since long submarine cables operated at slow rates, he did not include the effects of inductance. By the 1890s, Oliver Heaviside had produced the modern general form of the telegrapher's equations which included the effects of inductance and which were essential to extending the theory of transmission lines to higher frequencies required for high-speed data and voice.

Submarine cable

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

A cross-section of a submarine communications cable.1.- Polyethylene.2.- Mylar tape.3.- Stranded steel wires.4.- Aluminium water barrier.5.- Polycarbonate.6.- Copper or aluminum tube.7.- Petroleum jelly.8.- Optical fibers.

Submarine cables are laid using special cable layer ships, such as the modern René Descartes, operated by France Telecom Marine.
A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to carry telecommunications between countries.
The first submarine communications cables carried telegraphy traffic. Subsequent generations of cables carried first telephony traffic, then data communications traffic. All modern cables use optical fiber technology to carry digital payloads, which are then used to carry telephone traffic as well as Internet and private data traffic. They are typically 69 millimetres (2.7 in) in diameter and weigh around 10 kilograms per meter (7 lb/ft), although thinner and lighter cables are used for deep-water sections.[1]
As of 2003, submarine cables link all the world's continents except Antarctica.

Mobil Communication

Making special moments really special
The slim, stylish C903 Cyber-shot™ slider has dedicated camera keys and 5 megapixels to play with. Just slide the lens cover down and snap away.
C903 is coming soon.*
Notify me via email when the C903 becomes available in store.
* This release date may change.
What's in it?
Cyber-shot™Sony Ericsson’s megapixel digital camera gives you crisp high resolution every time and added features more common to standalone cameras. Read more
Face detectionWant the people in your photos come out sharp and clear? With the Face detection function activated, the camera automatically finds - and sets the focus to - the face in your viewfinder. Read more
Go for the smilePress the Smile Shutter™ shortcut key, and you're guaranteed to have happy people in your pictures. Your C903 waits for the smile to appear - and when it's there, the camera automatically snaps the shot.
Accelerometer - auto-rotateEnjoy your pictures in portrait or landscape mode. To move between modes, simply rotate the phone and the picture follows.
BestPic™Activate BestPic™ to take nine pictures in quick succession - with one press at the camera button. Keep the ones you like, delete the rest.
Photo flash
Don't let poor lighting conditions stop you. Use the photo flash and get great pictures indoors too.
Geo-taggingTurn on the camera and enjoy the capabilities of your phone's location-based services. Take pictures of where you are and have the pictures tagged with information about your location.
Web albumShare your photos in an instant. Just post them to your web album, for all to see.
PictBridge - print straight from your phoneSkip the computer and photo editing software. Just connect your phone to a printer, choose an image and print.
Wayfinder Navigator™With the C903 at hand, you won't get lost - no matter where your travels take you. Your phone comes pre-loaded with a trial version* of Wayfinder Navigator™. Stay on track with turn-by-turn navigation instructions, unlimited access to an online travel planning tool and downloadable maps*. (* Length of trial period and map coverage subject to

Mobil Communication Socity

Wireless networks are the fastest growing communications technology in history. Are mobile phones expressions of identity, fashionable gadgets, tools for life—or all of the above? Mobile Communication and Society looks at how the possibility of multimodal communication from anywhere to anywhere at any time affects everyday life at home, at work, and at school, and raises broader concerns about politics and culture both global and local.Drawing on data gathered from around the world, the authors explore who has access to wireless technology, and why, and analyze the patterns of social differentiation seen in unequal access. They explore the social effects of wireless communication—what it means for family life, for example, when everyone is constantly in touch, or for the idea of an office when workers can work anywhere. Is the technological ability to multitask further compressing time in our already hurried existence?The authors consider the rise of a mobile youth culture based on peer-to-peer networks, with its own language of texting, and its own values. They examine the phenomenon of flash mobs, and the possible political implications. And they look at the relationship between communication and development and the possibility that developing countries could "leapfrog" directly to wireless and satellite technology. This sweeping book—moving easily in its analysis from the United States to China, from Europe to Latin America and Africa—answers the key questions about our transformation into a mobile network society.
Reviews
"The book should be required reading for researchers in all aspects of communication and information and students in sociology, media studies, geography, and politics."—Scott Lash, Times Higher Education Supplement

Mobile Communications Research

The Centre for Mobile Communications Research was established in 1998 in the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and specialises in antennas and associated devices for mobile telephony in GSM, GPS, UMTS, UWB, BluetoothTM and WLAN applications.
A key priority for the centre is to encourage cross fertilization between physical, firm and soft aspects of communications technology. Particular strengths are expertise in the design of small antennas for mobile communications systems including numerical EM modelling and chamber measurement; the issues of convergence and mobility, new protocols for multiple access in current systems as well as Ultra Wide Band Radio.
The CMCR's infrastructure includes a range of modelling tools and measurements facilities such as network and spectrum analysers (up to 75GHz), two anechoic chambers suitable for full characterisation of antennas and handset measurements, and a Dosimetric Assessment System (DASY-4) for standardised Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) measurements.
The Centre has built a research record on both academic subjects and industrial oriented research programmes

Mobile/Cellular Technology

Mobile/Cellular Technology is a global procurement and reference resource providing a one-stop-shop for professionals and decision makers within the mobile and cellular communications industry. We provide a comprehensive breakdown of mobile communication manufacturers, contractors and suppliers, up-to-date news and press releases, white papers and detailed information on current industry projects and trends. Our recruitment area provides career information and the latest job vacancies in the field.
mobilecomms-technology.com is a product of SPG Media Limited Copyright 2009 SPG Media Limited, a subsidiary of SPG Media Group Ltd
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Telecoms Engineer
Date posted: 17 April 2009

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Mass Communication

The Department of Mass Communication, previously known as the Department of Journalism, was established in 1955 with a diploma course for the working Journalists. The objective was to produce qualified journalists and media men and to cater to the growing needs of the national press and communication industry.
In 1962 the diploma program was replaced by a regular two year M.A. program in the light of the recommendations of the Pakistan Press Commission with an aim to expand and modernize media education in the country.
Younger as compared to many other departments at the universities in the South Asian countries and beginning with an intake of six students, the department has progressed fast and is now one of the first priorities of the admission seekers in the Arts Faculty. On average, for 70 seat in Honors (1st year) and M.A. (Previous) the department receives about over 2000 applications. In 1998, the admission closed on 62.0 percent for M.A. (Previous) and at 67.91 percent for B.A. (Honors) first year.
Today, a fairly large number of graduates from. this department occupy senior positions in print and electronic
media, advertising, public relations, Federal and Provincial Information Departments in the country. A number of them are also serving foreign media in other countries.
The teachers of the department have professional background with experience in every sector of media namely print, radio, television, advertising and public relationing, Renowned journalists and leading editorial executives regularly visit the department and deliver lectures on subjects of their specialized fields.
The courses taught at the department are revised from time to time to match the changing needs of the world of mass communication and in response to the needs of various media of mass communication in Pakistan. B.A. (Hons.) and Masters courses cover all fields of mass communication including print and electronic media, research, development support communication, advertising and public relationing.
Since mass communication is a practical field, its education needs a rich library having latest books on various relevant sub-disciplines. It also requires fully equipped labs to provide practical training. By the Grace of Allah our small seminar library is quite good. The department has also developed several labs. Two computer labs for composing and page-making and a TV Lab to train the students in the production of documentaries and news bulletins are operational. Lack of resources and space has so far delayed the addition of Radio Lab, Photo Lab and a mini printing press for publication of a newspaper from the campus. Construction of a separate building however has reached to plinth level as is expected to be completed by the year 2000.
Facilities for Practical Training
What distinguishes this department with its counterparts in other Pakistani universities, are its four teaching & training labs. Namely the News Lab, TV Lab & two Computer Labs (one each for Urdu and English), in part training in skills required for careers in the fields of mass communication.
Work is also in progress for setting up a Radio Lab and a Photo Lab. Once established, these six labs will be very beneficial for the students.
Besides, practical exercises under the guidance of experienced faculty members, each M.A student is also required to complete 180 hours of training in a media organization. The degree is not awarded without this training.
Two Sequences
From 1996, The department started two sequences for the M.A. (Final) students. Now they have two options either for Print or for Electronic media. In each sequence they receive vigorous training in their field of preference.
Board of Studies of the Department is now in the process of restructuring these sequences and the other courses. New courses will hopefully be offered from 1999.

NTC Pakistan

NTC has a definite mandate to provide basic telecommunication services to its designated customers, which include Federal and Provincial Governments, their departments, autonomous organizations and defense services throughout the country.
NTC Making committed efforts to provide following state-of-the-art communication solutions using third genration IP Voice & Data Networking.
Telephone:
Basic Telephony Calling Card ISDN-Integrated Service Digital Network BRI-Basic Rate INterface PRI-Primary Rate Interface Supplementry Services Network Solutions for valued
Multi-Services Data Network:
Web Hosting facility Electronic mail platform Dialup Internet Access, DDP, ISDN Co-Location Virtual Private Networking Video Conferencing facility Broad Band Internet Access Intranet Solutions Radio/Wireless Networking Solution Lease Line Services Customized Data Solutions
Transmission Services:
Dark Fiber Media (Junction)
Co-Location:
Space, Dishes/Antennas, Power Supply Servers

Telecommunication Systems

o be eligible for admission to the MS (Telecommunication System) Program, a candidate is required to have at least BCS, B.S.c. with double Maths/Physics/Stats or Professional Degrees (Min 2nd Div.) The student is required to appear in an in-house written examination followed by an interview.

Program Structure
Duration
2 Years
Semesters
6
MS Telecom. Deficiency Courses
4
MS Telecom. Deficiency Courses
12 Credits
Courses
8 + Thesis
MS Telecom. Core Courses
12 Credits
MS Telecom. Electives
12 Credits
MS Telecom. Research
12 Credits
Total Credits
51

Degree Completion Requirement
CGPA of 2.5 or Above
Research Thesis must be completed and passed to earn a degree
MSTS
First Semester
Analog and Digital Communication Telecommunication, Protocol and networks Advance and Next Generation Computer Networks
Second Semester
Transmission and Switching System Telecommunication System Mobile Communication -1
Third Semester
Intelligent Networks Mobile Communication - 2 Multimedia Over Broadband Networks
Fourth Semester
Telecommunication Planning and Management IP Network Security RF Engineering
Fifth Semester
Wireless Data Networks Optical Networks Embedded Systems

Slow growth, inflation hit telecom sector

KARACHI- The slow growth in economy, rising inflation and revenue enhancing measures (particularly taxes) by the Government of Pakistan hit the telecom sector growth adversely during the first half of the fiscal year 2008-09.The first half of fiscal year 2008-09 witnessed a slow growth in Pakistan’s economy coupled with hyper inflation, acute power shortages, a slowdown in the manufacturing and services sectors, a sharp increase in interest rates and widening current account deficit.Pakistan Telecommunication Authority has pointed out this in its quarterly report for October-December 2008.Report said the development indicators of the sector i.e., subscribers, teledensity and revenue continued to show declining trend during Jul-Dec, 2008. Total teledensity was increasing more than 7pc per quarter since July 2007. However, its rate of growth declined in last quarter of fiscal year 2007-08 where its quarterly growth was registered only 2.2pc during Oct-Dec 2008. Owing to the above factors, it is expected that GDP growth for fiscal years 2008-09 will be around 2.5pc.The inflation rate as measured by the changes in Consumer Price Index (CPI) stood at 24.4 t per cent during the period Jul-Dec 2008 as against 8.0 per cent in the comparable period last year. The food inflation is estimated at 31.2 per cent and non-food 19.2 per cent, against 11.6 per cent and 5.4 per cent in the corresponding period of last year. To cope up with the situation, State Bank of Pakistan adopted tight monetary policy where policy rate was adjusted upward to control on aggregate demand in the economy.
This news was published in print paper. To access the complete paper of this day

Warid Telecom

Warid Telecom recognizes that our greatest asset is our people. We are committed towards recruiting and retaining the best individuals.This commitment is viewed as a strategic business imperative and is articulated in our vision. We believe that diversity is essential to outstanding business success. The existing employee force of Warid Telecom has a blend of talented individuals having exposure to multi-cultural and multinational environment.

WiMAX Broadband

Tired of waiting for your dial-up Internet to download? “Wateen Home” Broadband Internet is the answer for you. No busy phone lines, no more waiting and no problems. Our 'always-on' high-speed “Wireless” connection gives you the ability to access your favorite websites faster, and lets you experience the web at its maximum potential. With Internet speeds ranging from 128 Kbps to 2Mbps, surfing the Internet is a whole new experience with increased speed, improved productivity and substantial cost saving. Utilizing the trusted 802.16e standard enables Wateen’s Wireless Broadband to easily adapt itself to the needs of almost any requirement.
To register, please fill the form and our sales team will get in touch with you, or you can also contact us on 111-365-111 for further details.

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Satellite Communications Courses and Technical Seminars

You are encouraged to make a tentative reservation at least 3 weeks before the course (sooner is better) to let ATI know that you would like to attend. You may browse this page or go straight to:
Acoustic & Sonar Engineering courses
Radar, Missiles and Combat Systems courses
Project Management and Systems Engineering courses
Engineering & Data Analysis courses
Communications & Networking courses
Satellites & Space-Related courses
All Courses, Sorted By DATE Order
You may also view ATI's electronic brochures in pdf format
The Applied Technology Institute (ATIcourses) is the leading technical training and continuing education organization specializing in short courses, seminars and professional development technical training in space, communications, defense, sonar, radar, and signal processing.
Any ATI course can be customized and presented On Site at your location. For more information or to request a printed catalog, call 410-956-8805 or toll free 1-888-501-2100, fax 410-956-5785, or send e-mail to ATIcourses@aol.com. We can develop new public or On Site technical training seminars to meet your requirements.

V-Fone Unlimited Free Calls

Talk unlimited 24/7 for free anytime anywhere to any PTCL/ Vfone number with a line rent of just Rs 15/day
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